Program Book
Thursday, April 21st and Friday, April 22nd 2022 at 7:30PM, Sunday, April 24th, 2022 at 3PM
Calderwood Studio at GBH, Boston, MA
Boston Baroque
Martin Pearlman, Music Director
George Frideric Handel
(1685-1759)
Amadigi di Gaula
Opera in three acts
Act I
Act II
INTERMISSION
Act II (continued)
Act III
Cast, in order of appearance:
Amadigi di Gaula, knight, in love with Oriana — Anthony Roth Costanzo
Dardano, prince of Thrace — Daniela Mack
Melissa, sorceress, in love with Amadigi — Amanda Forsythe
Oriana, daughter of the King of the fortunate isles — Camille Ortiz
Martin Pearlman, conductor
Louisa Muller, stage director
Amadigi di Gaula is a co-production between Boston Baroque and Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra & Chorale.
Lead production sponsorship by two long-term friends of Boston Baroque
Sponsorship of livestream director Matthew Principe by Tee Taggart & Jack Turner
Livestream production sponsorship by Peter Wender
Season sponsorships of concertmaster Christina Day Martinson and of Health & Safety by Julian Bullitt
Boston Baroque is grateful to the members of its Opera Guild for their generous support of our commitment to keeping Baroque and Classical opera thriving in Boston.
Program Notes by Music Director Martin Pearlman
Why is Handel's Amadigi di Gaula (Amadis of Gaul) so rarely heard? Written not long after Handel had settled in England, it is a youthful, exuberantly inventive work, full of love, magic and brilliant arias. The great historian Charles Burney, writing later in the century, called it "a production in which there is more invention, variety, and good composition than in any one of the musical dramas of Handel which I have yet carefully and critically examined." Whether it is due to its small cast, the fact that it has only high voices or some other reason, Amadigi is produced much less frequently than most other works of this caliber.
The opera originally opened on May 25, 1715 at the King's Theatre in London in a production that was full of spectacle and magical effects. The Daily Courant warned ticket buyers about all the stage machinery: "whereas there is a great many Scenes and Machines to be mov'd in this Opera, which cannot be done if Persons should stand upon the Stage (where they could not be without Danger), it is therefore hop'd no Body, even the Subscribers, will take it Ill that they must be deny'd Entrance on the Stage."
Amadigi was a triumph and helped cement Handel's reputation with the London public, which still remembered the sensation of his opera Rinaldo written some four years earlier. With these two operas alternating in the repertory, the season was a great success. The king himself attended several performances, and Handel earned enough to be able to invest £500 in the speculative frenzy of the South Sea Company (on which he made a good return on his money before the bubble burst).
Amadigi was brought back in the 1716 season and yet again in the following season, when it was once more in the repertory with Rinaldo. But then it disappeared. Handel never revived it, although he did adapt some of its music for use in later works. Aside from some performances in Germany over the next few seasons, the opera was not heard again for over 200 years.
Handel's unknown librettist -- there are several candidates, but none is certain -- adapted the story of Amadigi from earlier models. Derived originally from a medieval Spanish epic, the subject had been set as an opera by Lully, whose Amadis de Gaule (1684) presented a rather different version of the story from the one in Handel's setting. The immediate source of Handel's libretto was a five-act tragédie-lyrique set to music by the French composer André Destouches. His Amadis de Grèce (1699) replaced the original evil magicians with Melissa, a character out of Ariosto's epic Orlando furioso, and created a story close to the one that Handel used. Destouches's opera was revived at the Paris Opéra only a few years before Handel wrote his own Amadigi.
Here, as in many other works, Handel's music seems less inspired by the magic in the story than by the emotions of his characters. His most inventive musical ideas and unusual orchestrations tend to be reserved for moments of deep despair or great joy, rather than for magical transformations and spells. Amadigi's beautiful soliloquy at the fountain of truth, the extraordinary orchestration of Dardano's lament in Act II, or Melissa's brilliant rage aria at the end of that act tell us a great deal about these characters. Through the music, we develop some sympathy even for the evil sorceress Melissa.
Handel achieves a tremendous range of colors with relatively limited forces. All the voices in this small cast are high voices, but they have different qualities that delineate their characters. While the orchestral score makes beautiful use of the oboes, bassoon and recorders, there are no timpani and there is only a single trumpet. Where we might expect two trumpets, the oboe plays the second part. But what might seem like a limitation (perhaps for financial reasons) becomes, in Handel's hands, an interesting and unusual orchestral effect.
As always, Handel borrows ideas and even whole arias from some of his own earlier music and reuses some of this music in later pieces. One major source of music for Amadigi is his opera Silla, which he had written two years earlier for a private occasion. Since there is no record of that opera ever having been performed, it is not surprising that the young composer might have wanted to salvage and recycle some of the best music from that work. Among the pieces originally written for this opera, we recognize in Amadigi's final aria the music that would soon become the popular hornpipe in the Water Music.
Synopsis
ACT I
Amadigi, a chivalrous knight, urges his friend Dardano, the Prince of Thrace, to find a way to escape the enchanted garden of the sorceress Melissa, where they have been held prisoner. Melissa has fallen in love with Amadigi, and Dardano rebukes him for not returning her love. The hero replies that he is in love with another beauty and then shows him a portrait of his beloved Oriana. A shocked Dardano recognizes in the picture the woman that he too loves. Concealing his rage, he goes to inform Melissa.
Amadigi invokes the darkness of night to aid his escape, but suddenly the sorceress appears. She tries to win Amadigi first by revealing her affections and then by threatening him. But Amadigi fearlessly refuses her. In a soliloquy, Melissa is torn between hatred and love.
Having learned that his beloved Oriana is imprisoned in a tower surrounded by flames, Amadigi rushes off to save her. At the tower, Dardano reveals to Amadigi that he is his rival for Oriana's affections, but Amadigi dismisses him and bravely walks through the flames to reach the tower. Dardano tries and fails to cross the fire himself. Oriana is saved, but not for long. Melissa commands her furies to abduct Oriana, as Amadigi laments his loss.
ACT II
As Amadigi wanders the land alone, he comes upon an enchanted fountain. He gazes into it and sees an image of Oriana caressing Dardano. In despair, he faints against a rock. Melissa leads in Oriana, who believes him to be dead. In her grief, she takes his sword to kill herself, but Amadigi awakens. Convinced that she has been unfaithful to him, he rejects her. Melissa seizes the opportunity to gain his affections, but, in their duet, he scornfully refuses her once again.
INTERMISSION
ACT II, continued
Dardano sings of his pain and torment, but Melissa has now conceived a plan make Dardano look like Amadigi so that he may seduce Oriana. Dardano agrees, but just when the plan seems to be going well, he sees Amadigi coming and goes to fight him. In the duel that follows, Dardano is killed. Foiled again, an angry Melissa threatens Oriana with everlasting torments. Oriana challenges Melissa to do her worst and is prepared to accept death. Melissa calls up the spirits of darkness to capture her rival.
ACT III
Amadigi and Oriana are led into Melissa's cave but refuse to renounce their love for one another. Melissa prepares to kill them but finds that something is stopping her. She calls on the ghost of Dardano to help her. His shade emerges from the underworld and declares that the gods are protecting the two lovers. Defeated, Melissa vows to kill herself. The heavens proclaim the end of the lovers' trials, and they are united in nuptial rites.
Boston Baroque Orchestra
VIOLIN I
Christina Day Martinson, concertmaster
Jesse Irons, assistant concertmaster
Asako Takeuchi
Jane Starkman
Susannah Foster
Etsuko Ishizuka
VIOLIN II
Sarah Darling*
Megumi Stohs Lewis
Julia McKenzie
Lena Wong
Amy Sims
VIOLA
Lauren Nelson*
Emily Rideout
Barbara Wright
VIOLONCELLO
Matt Zucker*
Ana Kim
Velleda Miragias
VIOLONE
Motomi Igarashi*
RECORDER/OBOE
Kathryn Montoya*
Alison Gangler
BASSOON
Allen Hamrick
TRUMPET
Jesse Levine*
THEORBO
Michael Leopold
HARPSICHORD
Peter Sykes*, arias
Michael Beattie*, recitatives
*Principal
The orchestra performs on period instruments.
Production Team
Stage Director
Louisa Muller
Projection Design
Ian Winters
Production Design
Christelle Matou
Lighting Design
Elaine Buckholtz
Livestream Director
Matthew Principe
BOSTON BAROQUE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
Executive Director
Jennifer Ritvo Hughes
Chief Development Officer & Campaign Manager
Katie DeBonville
General Manager
Daniel Ludden
Director of Marketing & Digital Content
Emily Kirk Weddle
Development Operations & Database Manager
Maria Whitcomb
Marketing & Audience Services Associate
Jill Tokac
Personnel Manager
Liza Malamut
Music Librarian
Asuka Usui
Graphic Design
Kees Bakker
BOSTON BAROQUE PRODUCTION CREW
Production Manager
Alycia Marucci
Stage Manager
Patrick Phillips
Score Reader
Joshua Glassman
Costume Design Assistant, Wardrobe Support
Maddy Brown
Stitcher
Erica Burke
Hair and Makeup
Linnea Soderberg
Projections Operator
William O’Donnell
Subtitle Translation
Kenneth Chalmers
CONCERTCUE
Founder
Eran Egozy
Operator
Maria Whitcomb
Audio Assistance
Sam Bliss
Matthew Caren
GBH MUSIC
Executive Producer & General Manager
Anthony Rudel
Audio Producer
Antonio Oliart Ros
Producer
Alan McLellan
GBH PRODUCTION GROUP
Technical Director
Bill Francis
Lighting Director
Phil Reilly
Assistant Lighting Director
Fred Young
Camera Operators
Dan Lang
Bob Martin
Mark Helton
Audio Assist
Téa Mottolese
VTR Operator
Steve Baracsi
Stream Engineer
Eddie Hickey
Maintenance Engineer
John Han
Didier Bourgeois
Senior Operations Manager
Terry Quinn
Studio Production Manager
Mary Kate DeSantis
Georg Friedrich Händel AMADIGI HWV 11
Edited for the Hallische Händel Ausgabe by J. Merrill Knapp
Used by arrangement with European American Music Distributors Company, U.S. and Canadian agent for Baerenreiter-Verlag, publisher and copyright owner.